What is low latency?

Latency, in the context of computer networks, is the time it takes for data to travel from its source to its destination and back. The lower the latency, the faster the data is transmitted, leading to more efficient network performance. Consequently, low latency refers to keeping that delay short.  This concept is essential for ensuring real-time communication, where even slight delays affect performance and user experience. In corporate environments, low latency is critical for efficient communication and collaboration, particularly in some applications. For instance, in financial trading systems, milliseconds can mean missed opportunities and the difference between profit and loss. Similarly, in online gaming, players rely on fast response times to maintain a competitive edge. Delayed communication in this setting could lead to a frustrating experience and potentially affect the outcome of a game. Another area is video conferencing, where higher latency introduces interruptions or awkward pauses, resulting in disruption, misunderstandings, and missed information

Achieving low latency involves several factors, including improving the underlying network hardware, reducing the distance data must travel, and using efficient data routing protocols. Network engineers often focus on minimizing congestion and increasing bandwidth to maintain low latency. They also use technologies such as edge computing to process data closer to its source to reduce latency.

Despite the challenges, reducing latency is important. In industries that require real-time data exchange, low latency is a competitive advantage. As the demand for high-speed communication and processing continues to grow, the emphasis on reducing latency will only increase. This focus will drive innovations in network design and technology so systems can effectively handle the demands of today’s applications.

Why is low latency needed?

Low latency means smoother, more responsive applications, which keeps users happy and engaged.  Some of the biggest influences on latency are network conditions, where high latency can lead to frustration and reduced productivity. 

For IT managers, reducing latency means making the system more efficient and reliable. Faster data processing and transmission mean applications run faster, making users happier and more productive. Businesses that prioritize low latency can offer better services and be more competitive, meet customer expectations, foster loyalty, and drive growth.

Tackle real-time AI challenges and reduce latency with expert insights and advanced strategies. 

Other applications where latency matters

In addition to financial transactions and real-time online gaming, latency is an issue with a number of other use cases as well. 

Audio and video streaming

Low latency is important for audio and video streaming so they play smoothly and synchronize properly between audio and video tracks. In streaming platforms such as Netflix or Spotify, low latency helps maintain continuous playback without buffering. Low latency is particularly essential for live streaming events, where audiences expect real-time broadcasts with minimal lag. For example, sports events or live concerts streamed online require low latency to satisfy users. Reducing latency in these applications prevents interruptions, and so viewers watch the event as it unfolds, rather than with a noticeable delay. Low latency also provides adaptive bitrate streaming, which adjusts the video quality in real time based on network conditions. By prioritizing low latency, streaming services deliver high-quality content that meets user expectations for real-time and synchronous playback.

Activity feeds and notifications

In applications with activity feeds and notifications, low latency means all users receive real-time updates. Social media platforms such as those in the Meta umbrella depend on low latency to deliver timely updates about posts, likes, and comments. Users expect quick notifications about interactions to stay engaged and informed. Low latency in this context improves the service by making interactions feel immediate and responsive. In financial applications, real-time notifications about stock price changes or transactions are critical. Delays in these updates can lead to missed opportunities or other problems.  Low latency in delivering notifications and activity feeds keeps users happy by providing accurate and timely information, which is essential for decision-making and interaction.

Real-time communication

Real-time communication applications, such as VoIP services, rely nee low latency to work. In VoIP calls, like video conferencing, low latency is vital to maintain the natural flow of conversation, preventing delays that can disrupt communication. Any noticeable delay can cause overlapping speech and misunderstanding, making effective communication challenging. Real-time communication applications must manage latency to provide users with an interactive and engaging experience, whether they are communicating with colleagues or participating in a virtual meeting. By focusing on reducing latency, these applications deliver real-time interactions that meet user expectations for immediate and accurate communication.

Challenges in achieving low latency

Network congestion, hardware limitations, and inefficient protocols are the primary challenges in keeping latency low. Network congestion occurs when too many data packets attempt to traverse the same path simultaneously, leading to delays. High traffic creates bottlenecks, especially during busy times. To counter this, network engineers implement advanced traffic management techniques, such as Quality of Service protocols, which prioritize data packets based on the type of service required.

Hardware limitations are also a factor. Older hardware may not be able to process data at the speeds required for low latency applications. Upgrading networking equipment to support higher throughput and faster processing speeds helps. However, this costs money and may not be feasible for all organizations.

Inefficient protocols also affect latency.  Protocols designed without low latency in mind can introduce delays. For example, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is reliable but can be slower due to its need for error-checking and acknowledgment of data packets. Alternatives, such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP), are faster because they don’t have error-checking, which makes them more suitable for applications where speed is critical, such as live video streaming or gaming.

Cloud computing and distributed networks introduce additional complexity. With them, data often needs to travel long distances, crossing multiple server locations, leading to increased latency. Using edge computing helps reduce the distance data needs to travel by processing it closer to the source or destination, cutting down latency. 

Finally, software optimization is crucial. Applications must be designed to minimize processing time and handle data efficiently. Code optimization and using efficient algorithms are essential to reduce latency. Developers must also consider the effect of background processes that may use network resources, leading to delays in time-sensitive applications.

Overcoming latency challenges

Network latency, the delay experienced in data communication across networks, presents various challenges. Another significant challenge is the latency that affects cloud-based services, leading to longer loading times and decreased productivity. Moreover, latency can compromise the effectiveness of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which rely on rapid data transmission for optimal performance.

There are several ways to address latency challenges. Optimizing network infrastructure by using Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) can reduce latency by storing copies of content closer to users. Using advanced algorithms for data packet routing minimizes delays by using more efficient paths. Unfortunately, all these solutions have financial and logistical downsides. Upgrading infrastructure costs money, and edge computing requires planning and resource allocation. Furthermore, balancing security with reduced latency is crucial, as faster data transmission can expose vulnerabilities if not managed properly.

Accelerate low‑latency performance with Aerospike

Low latency stops being an aspiration and becomes an SLA when you run on Aerospike. Our real‑time, multi‑model database delivers predictable sub‑millisecond response times while sustaining millions of transactions per second, even at gigabyte or petabyte scale. Thanks to a Hybrid Memory Architecture, intelligent SSD optimization, and edge‑to‑core deployment flexibility, Aerospike eliminates the historic trade‑off between speed, consistency, and cost. Global leaders such as Criteo, PayPal, and Snap rely on Aerospike for fraud prevention, AdTech real-time bidding, recommendation engines, and AI/ML feature stores where every millisecond and every watt matter.

Ready to move from theory to practice? Here’s how to get started:

1. Spin up a 5‑minute quick start: Launch Aerospike Database 8 in Docker or your preferred cloud to see sub‑millisecond reads / writes for yourself.

2. Research the architecture guide: Learn how our patented hybrid‑memory design promotes lower latency (P99 < 1 ms) even as data volumes grow exponentially

3. Watch the webinar: Hear how Criteo handles 250 million transactions per second with a 70 % smaller footprint.

Experience the database built for large-scale, speed, and savings. Start your free trial or talk to an expert today.